1923 Salzburg
Aug 2, 1923 – Aug 10, 1923
Salzburg, Austria
Festival info
Start: Aug 2, 1923
End: Aug 10, 1923
Locations: Salzburg, Austria
Hosting member(s)
Internationale Kammermusikfestspiele der IGNM
From contemporaneous reviews of the 1923 Festival:
“The musical bolsheviks of the world have a rendezvous at this year’s festival of the International Society for Contemporary Music here. It is so contemporary that the radicals of last year have been adjudged conservative back numbers and replaced on the program largely by even newer blood. The domination of new musical forms is all the more accentuated by the cancellation of the usual Mozart festival because of financial difficulties and the absence of paying American tourists.”
–Unattributed, “Musical Bolsheviks Meet in Congress at Salzburg,”
The Brooklyn Daily Eagle [USA] (7 August 1923), p. 6.
“[T]he jury had arranged programs that did not attempt to give equal representation to all countries, and disregarded the suggestions of the national juries. More than ten works were performed which had not even been proposed by these bodies.
“The situation underlying it, was best summed up by Ernest Ansermet, the Swiss delegate, whose clearly stated opinion I repeat here, trusting that I do not overstep the bounds of discretion tacitly assumed by the delegates.
“‘Our name,’ said Mr. Ansermet, ‘is the International Society for Contemporary Music. But which word is determinant? If it is the first, we can choose for our programs a fixed number of works from every section’s proposal. But the society is founded to cultivate and present contemporary music, and that, it seems to me, is the major consideration, and the direction our effort should take.'”
Svend B. Felumb, “To clear up the Salzburg problem,”
Modern Music, Vol. I #1 (1924), p. 25.
“[A]ll the music–which was chosen from 200 works submitted by the national sections–was modern, often ultra-modern in tendency. The scores as a whole showed their composers seeking new paths and formulas; they have definitely broken with the past, and the result, it must be confessed, is not always a happy one. … Strange and often distorted as this music is, the audience seemed to derive considerable enjoyment from it and managed to work up enthusiasm for many of the works heard.”
–Unattributed, Orlando Sentinel [USA] (9 September 1923), p. 4.
“[T]he ‘modernists,’ are being oppressed and crowded out of the field; the I.S.C.M. and its Salzburg Festival are their only chance for a hearing.”
–Paul Bechart, “The ‘Supplementary’ Festival at Salzburg,”
The Musical Times, Vol. 64, no. 968 (October 1923), p. 731.
Jury
Ernest Ansermet
André Caplet
Hermann Scherchen
Egon Wellesz
Concerts
Thursday, 2 August 1923
Alban Berg (Austria, b. 1885; d. 1935): String Quartet, op. 3 (1910, revised 1920) [22′];
Arnold Schönberg (Austria, b. 1874; d. 1951 in the U.S.A.): 15 Gedichte aus Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, op. 15 [on texts by Stefan George], for voice and piano (1907-09) [31′];
Béla Bartók (Hungary, b. 1881; d. 1945 in the U.S.A.): Sonata No. 2 for violin and piano (1922) [20′].
Friday, 3 August 1923
Eduard Erdmann (Germany, b. 1896 in Latvia; d. 1958): Sonata for unaccompanied violin, op. 12 (1920-21) [23′];
Florent Schmitt (France, b. 1870; d. 1958): Sonate libre en deux parties enchaînées (ad modum clementis acquae), op. 68, for violin and piano (1918-19) [31′];
Othmar Schoeck (Switzerland, b. 1886; d. 1957): 5 of the 12 Hafis-Lieder, op.33, for voice and piano (1919-20);
Yrjö Kilpinen (Finland, b. 1892; d. 1959): Lieder for voice and piano (precise songs unknown);
Ernst Krenek (Austria b. 1900; d. 1991 in the United States): String Quartet No. 3, op. 20 (1923) [30′].
Saturday, 4 August 1923
Serge Prokofiev (b. 1891, Russia [now Ukraine], then living in Germany; d. 1953): Ouvertüre über jüdische Themen, op. 34, for clarinet, piano, and string quartet (1919) [9′];
Fidelio F. Finke (Czechoslovakia, b. 1891; d. 1968 in East Germany): Eine Reiter-Burleske for piano (1913);
Manuel de Falla (Spain, b. 1876; d. 1946 in Argentina): 2 songs (most likely from Trois mélodies [on poems by Théophile Gautier]) for voice and piano (1909–1910);
Philipp Jarnach (Germany, b. 1892 in France; d. 1982): Sonatina op. 12 for flute and piano (1919) [8′];
William Walton (England, b. 1902; d. 1983): String Quartet No. 1 (1919-22) [35′] [world premiere];
Alexis Roland-Manuel (France, b. 1891; d. 1966): Délie object de plus haulte vertu [Trois poèmes de Maurice Scève] for voice and piano (1921);
Paul A. Pisk (Austria, b. 1893; d. 1990 in the U.S.A.): Vier geistliche Gesänge, op.12 [texts by Christian Morgenstern] for voice and piano (performed with organ?);
Karol Szymanowski (Poland, b. 1882; d. 1937): 2 songs from Hafislieder, op. 24 for voice and piano (1911).
Sunday, 5 August 1923
Leoš Janáček (Czechoslovakia, b. 1854; d. 1928): Sonata for violin and piano (1914-15, revised 1916-22) [18′];
Arthur Bliss (United Kingdom [England], b. 1891; d. 1975): Rhapsody for soprano, tenor, flute, English horn, string quartet, and doublebass [wordless] (1919) [7′];
Albert Roussel (France, b. 1869; d. 1937): Divertissement, op. 6, for piano and wind quintet (1906) [7′];
Sem Dresden (Netherlands, b. 1881; d. 1957): Sonata for flute and harp (1918) [20′];
Emerson Whithorne (U.S.A., b. 1884; d. 1958): New York Days and Nights (3 pieces for solo piano) (1923) played by Rudolf Reuter;
Lord Berners (England, b. 1883; d. 1950): Valses Bourgeoises for piano four-hands (1917) [8′] played by Reuter and Louis Gruenberg;
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (Italy, b. 1895; d. 1968 in the U.S.A.): Il raggio verde, op. 9, for piano (1916) [7′];
Igor Stravinsky (France, b. 1882 in Russia; d. 1971 in the U.S.A.): Concertino for string quartet (1920) [6′];
Igor Stravinsky: 3 Pieces for string quartet (1914) [6′].
Monday, 6 August 1923
Arthur Honegger (France/Switzerland, b. 1892; d. 1955): Sonata for viola and piano (1920) [15′];
Gian Francesco Malipiero (Italy, b. 1882; d. 1973): Due Sonetti del Berni [2 poems by Francesco Berni] for voice and piano (1922);
Alois Hába (Czechoslovakia, b. 1893; d. 1973): String Quartet No. 2 in the quartertone system (1920) [15′];
Maurice Ravel (France, b. 1875; d. 1937): Sonata for violin and violoncello (Duo) (1920-22) [20′];
Ferruccio Busoni (Germany, b. 1866 Italy; d. 1924): Fantasia contrappuntistica for two pianos BV 256b (1910 arranged for 2 pianos in 1921) [30′].
Tuesday, 7 August 1923
Darius Milhaud (France, b. 1892; later emigrated to the U.S.A., d. 1974 in Switzerland): String Quartet No. 4, op. 46 (1918) [12′];
Francis Poulenc (France, b. 1899; d. 1963): Promenades for piano (1921) [16′];
Charles Koechlin (France, b. 1867; d. 1950): 5 Piano Sonatinas, op. 59 (1915-16);
Manfred Gurlitt (Germany, b. 1890; d. 1972 in Japan): 5 Gesänge for soprano and chamber orchestra (1923);
Zoltán Kodály (Hungary, b. 1882; d. 1967): Sonata for unaccompanied violoncello, op. 8 (1915) [31′];
Paul Hindemith (Germany, b. 1895; later emigrated to the U.S.A. but then returned to Germany, d. 1963): Quintet for clarinet and string quartet, op. 30 (1923) [22′] [world premiere].
In addition, the following work was also scheduled for performance but was cancelled
Nicolai Myaskovsky (Russia [USSR], b. 1881; d. 1950), Piano Sonata No. 3, op. 19 (1920).
Interpreters
Singers: Madeleine Caron, Tiny Debüser, Martha Winternitz-Dorda, Dorothy Helmrich, Heinrich Rehkemper.
Pianists: Sem Dresden, Henri Gil-Marchex, Paul A. Pisk, Othmar Schoeck, Louis Gruenberg, Rudolph Reuter, Vaclav Stepän, A. Vaurabourg, and Ehepaar Kwast (The Kwast Duo: James Kwast and another, as yet, unidentified pianist).
Violinists: Alma Moodie, Stanislav Novák.
Violoncellist: Paul Hermann.
Ensembles: Amar-Hindemith-Quartett, Havemannquartett, Pro Arte-Quartett, Miss McCurragh’s-Quartett, Société moderne d’instruments à vent (Fleury).
Conductor: Ernest Ansermet.
To protest this first ISCM Festival’s attempt to erode national musical traditions with its emphasis on modernism and progress, Erich Wolfgang Korngold and Wilhelm Grosz organized an anti-modernist Festival of Austrian Contemporary Music which was also held at the Salzburg Mozarteum shortly afterwards. The following works were programmed on the concerts of this de-facto “anti-ISCM Festival”:
Alexander Zemlinsky (Austria, b. 1971; d. 1942 in the United States): String Quartet No. 1, op. 4 (1896) [25′];
Erich Wolfgang Korngold (Austria, b. 1897; d. 1957 in the United States): Piano Quintet, op. 15 (1921) [35′];
Arnold Schönberg (Austria, b. 1874; d. 1951 in the United States): Selected Songs from Opp. 2 and 3 for voice and piano (1899-1903);
Richard Strauss (Austria, b. 1864 in Germany; d. 1949 in Germany): “Traum durch die Dämmerung” from 3 Lieder, op. 29 [text: Otto Julius Bierbaum] for voice and piano (c. 1895)
Richard Strauss: an additional unidentified song for voice and piano;
Joseph Marx (Austria, b. 1882; d. 1964): unidentified songs (1908 and 191o);
Wilhelm Grosz (Austria, b. 1884; d. 1939 in the U.S.A.): Rondels, op. 11 for low voice and piano (1921) [7′];
Bernhard Paumgartner (Austria, b. 1887; d. 1971): unidentified song(s?);
Wilhelm Kienzl (Austria, b. 1957; d. 1941): unidentified songs.
Franz Schreker (Austria, b. 1878; d. 1934): Chamber Symphony (1916) [30′];
Erich Wolfgang Korngold: Suite from Much Ado About Nothing, op. 11 for chamber orchestra (1917);
Wilhelm Grosz: Overture to an Opera Buffa, op. 14 (1923);
Hans Gál (Austria, b. 1890; d. 1987 in the United Kingdom): Incidental music for Levetzof’s Ruth;
Richard Strauss: Selections from Le bourgeois gentilhomme (1920).
11 August 1923
Karl Weigl (Austria, b. 1881; d. 1949 in the U.S.A.): Violin Sonata No. 1 in C Major, op. 16 (1923) performed by violinist Robert Pollak and Wilhelm Grosz, piano [world premiere];
Egon Kornauth (Austria, b. 1891; d. 1959): Fantasie, op. 10 for piano (1915) [6′];
Julius Bittner (Austria, b. 1874; d. 1939): 4 Lieder (1922);
Max Springer (Austria, b. 1877 in Germany; d. 1954): 3 Klavierstücke, op. 34;
Hans Ewald Heller (Austria, b. 1894; d. 1966 in the United States): 3 Lieder (1923).
Interpreters also included
Singers: Emilie Bittner, Gertrude Geyersbach, and Hans Duhan.
Pianists: Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Wilhelm Grosz, and Helene Lampl-Eibenschütz.
Unidentifed Chamber Orchestra
Conductors: Rudolf Nilius and Bernhard Paumgartner
From a contemporaneous review of the counter-festival
“The harvest of the Festival was on the whole meagre. It clearly demonstrated the unimportance of the reactionary cause as contrasted with the pregnant significance of modern music.”
–Paul Bechart, “The ‘Supplementary’ Festival at Salzburg,”
The Musical Times, Vol. 64, no. 968 (October 1923), p. 732.
One year prior to this First Festival, the ISCM was founded at a meeting held after the conclusion of the Internationale Kammermusikaufführungen, which took place in Salzburg from 7-10 August 1922, as a result of a unanimous resolution, on 11 August 1922, to organize a permanent body for the promotion of modern music. Because of that, these August 1922 concerts are sometimes referred to as the ISCM «Nulltes» Fest.
Monday, 7 August 1922 at 19:00
Richard Strauss (Austria, b. 1864 in Germany; d. 1949 in Germany): 5 of the 6 Lieder, op. 68 [Brentano] for voice and piano (1918);
Darius Milhaud (France, b. 1892; later emigrated to the U.S.A., d. 1974 in Switzerland): Sonata, op. 47, for flute, oboe, clarinet and piano (1918) [18′];
Joseph Marx (Austria, b. 1882; d. 1964): Pan trauert um Syrinx for voice, flute, and piano (1916) [8′];
Felix Petyrek (Austria, b. 1892 in Czechoslovakia; d. 1951): Passacaglia for piano (1922);
Arthur Bliss (England, b. 1891; d. 1975): Rout for voice and chamber orchestra (1920) [7′];
Béla Bartók (Hungary, b. 1881; d. 1945 in the U.S.A.): Sonata No. 1 for violin and piano (1921) [34′].
Tuesday, 8 August 1922 at 10:30
Albéric Magnard (France, 1865-1914): Quintet for piano and winds (1894) [32′] [performed in memoriam];
Gian Francesco Malipiero (Italy, b. 1882; d. 1973): “Il ritorno” (listed as “La Madre Folla”) from Sette Canzoni for voice and piano (1919) [6′];
Ildebrando Pizzetti (Italy, b. 1880; d. 1968): “I Pastori” [Gabriele dˈAnnunzio] (1908) [7′] and “San Basilio” [Niccolò Tommasèo] (1912) [3′] from the Cinque liriche for voice and piano;
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (Italy, b. 1895; d. 1968 in the U.S.A.): Stelle Cadenti [Shooting Star], a cycle of 12 songs for voice and piano (1919) [world premiere];
Francis Poulenc (France, b. 1899; d. 1963): 5 Impromptus, op. 8, for piano (1920-21) [5′];
Igor Stravinsky (France, b. 1882 in Russia; d. 1971 in the U.S.A.): Piano-Rag-Music (1919) [3′];
Claude Debussy (1862-1918, France): Syrinx (ou La Flûte de Pan) for unaccompanied flute (1913) [3′];
Charles Koechlin (France, b. 1867; d. 1950): Sonata for two flutes, op. 75 (1918-1920) [8′];
Maurice Ravel (France, b. 1875; d. 1937): 3 of the 5 Mélodies populaires grecques for voice and piano (1904-06);
Manuel de Falla (Spain, b. 1876; d. 1946 in Argentina): 5 of the 7 Canciones populares Españolas for voice and piano (1914);
Arthur Honegger (France/Switzerland, b. 1892; d. 1955): Rapsodie for 2 flutes, clarinet, and piano (1917) [9′].
Tuesday, 8 August 1922 at 19:00
Carl Nielsen (Denmark, b. 1865; d. 1931): Sonata (No. 2) for violin and piano, op. 35 (1912) [20′];
Ture Rangström (Sweden, b. 1884; d. 1947): Vier Lieder for voice and piano (unidentified);
Maurice Ravel: Gaspard de la nuit for solo piano (1908) [23′];
Ferruccio Busoni (Germany, b. 1866 Italy; d. 1924): Piano Sonatina No. 4 ‘in diem nativitatis Christi MCMXVII’ (1917) [8′];
Karol Szymanowski (Poland, b. 1882; d. 1937): “Tantris le Bouffon” from Masques, op. 34, for piano (1915-16) [8′];
Egon Wellesz (Austria, b. 1885; d. 1974 in the U.K.): String Quartet No. 4 (1920) [18′];
Fidelio F. Finke (Czechoslovakia, b. 1891; d. 1968 in East Germany): Marionetten-Musiken – 6 Piano Pieces (1921);
Anton Webern (Austria, b. 1883; d. 1945): 5 Pieces for String Quartet, op. 5 (1909) [12′];
Willem Pijper (Netherlands, b. 1894; d. 1947): Sonata (No. 1) for violin and piano (1919) [14′].
Wednesday, 9 August 1922 at 10:30 (“Matinee: Werke von Wiener Komponisten,” an additional concert during the festival)
Walther Klein (Austria, b. 1882; d. 1961 in the U.S.A.): unidentified song(s);
Ernst Kanitz (Austria, b. 1894; d. 1978 in the U.S.A.): Drei Gesänge, op. 5 [Morgenstern] for mezzo-soprano, violin, and piano (1922?);
Hugo Kauder (Austria, b. 1888; d. 1972 in the Netherlands): Nachts (Drei Sätze mit Epilog) for viola, violoncello, and piano (1916);
Egon Lustgarten (Austria, b. 1887; d. 1961 in the U.S.A.): Die Einsame, song cycle for voice and chamber orchestra;
Karl Horwitz (Austria, b. 1884; d. 1925): Gesänge (unspecified);
Karl Alwin (Austria, b. 1891 in Germany [East Prussia] now Kaliningrad, Russia; d. 1945 in Mexico): Four songs (unidentified);
Wilhelm Grosz (Austria, b. 1884; d. 1939 in the U.S.A.): Liebeslieder, op. 10 (1920, orch’d 1922);
Karl Weigl (b. 1881, Austria; d. 1949 in the U.S.A.): unidentified song(s).
Wednesday, 9 August 1922 at 19:00
Joseph Marx: Prelude(s) for piano ? ;
Adolfo Salazar (Spain, b. 1890; d. 1958): Tres preludios for piano (1916);
Manuel de Falla: 4 Piezas Españolas for piano (1906-09) [16′];
Egon Kornauth (Austria, b. 1891; d. 1959): Valse for piano (most likely from 3 Klavierstücke, op. 23 (1920));
Dame Ethel Smyth (England, b. 1858; d. 1944): Odelette for soprano, flute, string trio, doublebass, harp, and percussion (1907) [6′];
Ernest Bloch (U.S.A., b. 1880 in Switzerland; d. 1959): Schelomo for violoncello and piano [reduction] (1916) [20′];
Paul Hindemith: String Quartet 3, op. 22 [now known as String Quartet No. 4) (1921) [27′];
Ernest Bloch: Sonata (No. 1) for violin and piano (1920) [30′].
Thursday, 10 August 1922 at 10:30
Zoltán Kodály (Hungary, b. 1882; d. 1967): Serenade, op. 12, for 2 violins and viola (1919-1920) [21′];
Gustav Holst (England, b. 1874; d. 1934): Vier Lieder (unspecified);
John Gerard Williams (England, b. 1888; d. 1947): Lied (unspecified);
Arnold Bax (England, b. 1883; d. 1953): “I heard a piper piping” from 5 Irish Songs for voice and piano (1921) [3′];
Leo Sowerby (U.S.A., b. 1895; d. 1968): Sonata (No. 2) in Bb for violin and piano (1922);
Poul Schierbeck (Denmark, b. 1888; d. 1949): Zwei Lieder (most likely “Jeg drømte” and”Majalil” both with texts by Hugo Marx-Nielsen and both composed in 1920);
Ebbe Hamerik (Denmark, b. 1898; d. 1951): Sommer for baritone and piano reduction (1920);
Armstrong Gibbs (England, b. 1889; d. 1960): “Nod” op. 12 no. 1 for voice and string quartet (1918);
Eugene Goossens (England, b. 1893; d. 1962): 2 of 3 Songs, op. 26 for voice and string quartet (1920).
Thursday, 10 August 1922 at 19:00
Guido Bagier (Germany, b. 1888; d. 1967): Variationen und Fuge über ein Thema von Schumann for piano (DATE?);
Percy Grainger (U.S.A., b. 1882 in Australia; d. 1961): Molly on the Shore for string quartet (1907) [4′];
Rudolph Réti (Serbia, b. 1885; d. 1957 in the U.S.A.): 6 Liebesgesänge on texts of Ricarda Huch, op. 5, for voice and piano (1922);
Paul A. Pisk (Austria, b. 1893; d. 1990 in the U.S.A.): Drei Lieder for voice and string quartet (DATE?);
Jaroslav Křička (Czechoslovakia, b. 1882; d. 1969): Lieder (unspecified);
Ladislav Vycpálek (Czechoslovakia, b. 1882; d. 1969): Lieder (unspecified);
Arnold Schönberg (Austria, b. 1874; d. 1951 in the U.S.A.): String Quartet No. 2 in f# minor, op. 10 for soprano and string quartet (1907-08) [31′].
The following additional composers/works were scheduled but did not occur
Alban Berg (Austria, b. 1885; d. 1935): 4 pieces for clarinet and piano, op. 5 (1913);
Josef Matthias Hauer (Austria, b. 1883; d. 1959): unknown work;
Kurt Atterberg (Sweden, b. 1887; d. 1974): unknown work;
Enrique Granados (Spain, 1867-1916): unknown work;
(Juan) Joan Manén (Spain [Catalonia], b. 1883; d. 1971): unknown work;
Václav Štěpán (Czechoslovakia, b. 1889; d. 1944): unknown work.
Performers
Singers: Marya Freund, Elisabeth Schumann, Erika Wagner, Dorothy Moulton, Felicie Mihacsek-Hüni, Andula Pecirkova, Poul Wiedemann.
Pianists: Walter Gieseking, Jean Wiener, Fritz Malata, Paul Weingarten, Felix Petyrek, Carl Friedberg.
Violinists: Joseph Szigeti, Mario Corti, A. Barjansky.
Ensembles: Amar-Hindemith-Quartett, Societe moderne d’instruments ä vent (Louis Fleury).
In addition many of the composers served as their own interpreters and conductors.
From contemporaneous reviews of the 1922 Festival which led to the founding of the ISCM:
“Anything more anaemic, more hopeless than nine-tenths of the Austrian music dribbled out to us in exasperating spoonfuls at Salzburg I have never heard. The only thing it resembles is a piteous spectacle familiar to every golfer, a half-squashed worm buried up to its middle, too feeble either to crawl out or to withdraw the rest of its poor carcass into safety. Some say the cause is the appalling conditions of life in Austria; if I believed that I should not have the heart t write about it thus. But it is not so. This school of impotent wrigglers came into being before the war, their hero being one Webern, much advertized in Austria as Schoenberg’s most talented pupil. … A quartet of his was played at Salzburg, and here is the formula. One long-drawn note upon the bridge of the first violin (pause) a pizzicato note on the ‘cello (long pause); an excruciating chord in harmonics, pianissimo (a very long pause); a soft thud with the back of the bow on the body of the ‘cello. Then another pause, after which the four players get up very quietly, steal away, and the thing is over. And now snorts and laughter are heard in the audience, while four furious admirers clap and yell amid not ill-natured giggles, till, at length, Webern appears. I never saw an angrier man; he is about 35, dry and thin, as though pickled in perennial fury, and erect as a ramrod. It was amusing to see him face up to each of the four executants of his five pieces for string quartet, as if he were going to kill them; then relent, wring his hands bitterly, glare defiance at the audience, and rush off stiffly into the artists’ rooms. Thereupon, one suddenly became aware of the sixth furious fan (who I subsequently learned was an architect and stone deaf), passionately reproaching the audience, and more especially a certain Kappelmeister there present, for laughing and spoiling everything. Most ungrateful, since but for those ever-recurring scenes, the school, whom no one takes seriously except Schoenberg, would have fizzed out long ago.”
–Dame Ethel Smyth, Daily Telegraph [London], 9 September 1922, p. 4
“It seems almost incredible that one can have heard so much music in four days, but the programs are there to vouch for it: Fifty-four composers of fifteen different nationalities! If we include Strauss, who arrived later to conduct the Mozart operas, there were more than twenty composers present.”
–Edwin Evans, “The Salzburg Festival: International Chamber Concerts,” Musical Times [London], 1 September 1922
“If the First international Chamber Music Festival of Salzburg proved anything, it is the permanent need for just such festivals as this. They are necessary, for one thing, in order to furnish us with a definition of ‘modern’ as applied to music, a definition which changes–and must change–its meaning from generation to generation, almost from year to year. … I am surely not pessimistic after this first truly international review of post-war music.”
–César Saerchinger, “First Modern Chamber Music Festival at Salzburg Biggest international Gathering Since the War,”
The Musical Courier [New York], 31 August 1922
Additional sources:
Paul Bechart, “The ‘Supplementary’ Festival at Salzburg,” The Musical Times, Vol. 64, no. 968 (October 1923), pp. 731–32.
Svend B. Felumb, “To clear up the Salzburg problem,” Modern Music, Vol. I #1 (1924), pp. 25-26.
Anton Haefeli: Die Internationale Gesellschaft für Neue Musik (IGNM), Ihre Geschichte von 1922 bis zur Gegenwart (Atlantis Musikbuch-Verlag, 1982), pp. 479-481.
Giles Masters, New-music internationalism: the ISCM festival, 1922–1939 (King’s College London: Ph.D. Dissertation, 2021) Available online: kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/156634738/2021_Masters_Giles_1101346_ethesis.pdf.
Nicolas Slonimsky: Music Since 1900, Sixth Edition edited by Laura Kuhn (Schirmer Reference, 2001), pp. 178-179, 185-186.
Erich Steinhard, “Das Salzburger Musikfest,” Der Auftakt 3 (1923), p. 155 [in German].
(annotated by Frank J. Oteri)